Friday, November 29, 2019

Empire of Angels Review Essay Example

Empire of Angels Review Paper Essay on Empire of Angels Works of Bernard Werber is not new to the modern reader. Years of commercials five years ago, no matter where you look, all these things have read the author. Im probably as a result of his skeptical attitude to the modern (and even the more fashionable) literature, fundamentally not read Werber. I waited interest will subside, and I can out of fashion and modern trends easily acquainted with the work of this author. And it was after 5-years old came the moment of these things, though, on the shelves in bookstores, the books by this author still occupy not the last place. So, The Empire of the Angels ». The idea. In fact, the overall concept works very, very bad. Whether business performance or incarnation, so to speak, of this idea somehow disappoint. When the author takes as its basis the idea, which is not easy to write other, but also about which people around the world think all the time, as a result of waiting for something unlike anything else that is unique in nature and the incredible content. But, alas, after reading this book for myself, I did not open anything new. The standard view of life after death in the spirit of atheism. And nothing more. One would like to add: and sorry We will write a custom essay sample on Empire of Angels Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Empire of Angels Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Empire of Angels Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The story.. Literally to retell the story course not see the point. In short, the plot this is the fate of three interconnected single strand as a novice Guardian Angel. And if the earlier idea of ​​angels, to a greater degree inclined to their pastime rainbow in the heavens the Bernard gives them all a difficult mission. During which, the wards on the Great Court must score some points and give them and their boss moving up the career ladder. For some reason, at this point I came to mind a quote from the works of another contemporary author now by Janusz Vishnevsky Mistress Jesus, if he were alive today, would be an agent, lawyer, email address and website on the Internet. (C) Maybe now fashionable to infiltrate his works notes atheism? text. In principle, the Empire written and translated not in the worst case the use of literary language. However, the text takes a significant share of Encyclopedia of Relative and Absolute Knowledge. And, in my opinion, absolutely nothing. These inserts are of the Encyclopedia not complement the text, but on the contrary, detract from the main story. Probably, hence the feeling of light patchwork material. Coming up to the end, I can say that with all the fantastic orientation, the plot lines are present profound ideas and thoughts. Disclosure of secrets tandem of life and death always an interesting topic for the works. Unfortunately, I was the author of the disclosure of this subject is not fascinated, but a definite impression still left. All lovers of this kind of thinking (rather than have not yet read) can read Empire of Angels. Enjoy reading! Empire of Angels Review Essay Example Empire of Angels Review Paper Essay on Empire of Angels The Empire of the Angels Werber worldwide is considered a masterpiece. Personally for me it is not clear why. According to that story is exciting, book, like all the other author of the book reads very easily, the events are quickly replaced by another one, a lot of dialogue that animates the novel, but Before this work a masterpiece too far. The Empire of Angels interesting theory itself advanced by Werber, that heaven and hell do not exist. After the death of a person will go either to heaven or to be held re incarnation process and will return again to the ground. Last awarded sinners We can say that in the book of the three main characters -. Frenchman Jacques, American Venus and the Russian guy, Igor. Them as a guardian angel is watching other equally important book hero Michel. It is striking that none of the three characters can not be considered positive, but each behavior can be justified. Personally, I was most sympathetic to Igor and I do not agree with the opinion that it is presented only negative book hero. The book recounts the life of each of them, describing porobno important events in their lives and thinking different. The book ends with the death of each character and their representation before the heavenly court, where the Most Highs have to decide whether heroes angels and back again on the ground. We will write a custom essay sample on Empire of Angels Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Empire of Angels Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Empire of Angels Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The book is worth reading if only to reflect on such unexplored theme of life and death . Again, it is very easy to read, its something to pass the time on the road or at bedtime, but the masterpiece it is, of course, is sooooo far. My rating 4 only great love for Werber . Empire of Angels Review Essay Example Empire of Angels Review Paper Essay on Empire of Angels The Empire of the Angels Werber worldwide is considered a masterpiece. Personally for me it is not clear why. According to that story is exciting, book, like all the other author of the book reads very easily, the events are quickly replaced by another one, a lot of dialogue that animates the novel, but Before this work a masterpiece too far. The Empire of Angels interesting theory itself advanced by Werber, that heaven and hell do not exist. After the death of a person will go either to heaven or to be held re incarnation process and will return again to the ground. Last awarded sinners We can say that in the book of the three main characters -. Frenchman Jacques, American Venus and the Russian guy, Igor. Them as a guardian angel is watching other equally important book hero Michel. It is striking that none of the three characters can not be considered positive, but each behavior can be justified. Personally, I was most sympathetic to Igor and I do not agree with the opinion that it is presented only negative book hero. The book recounts the life of each of them, describing porobno important events in their lives and thinking different. The book ends with the death of each character and their representation before the heavenly court, where the Most Highs have to decide whether heroes angels and back again on the ground. We will write a custom essay sample on Empire of Angels Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Empire of Angels Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Empire of Angels Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The book is worth reading if only to reflect on such unexplored theme of life and death . Again, it is very easy to read, its something to pass the time on the road or at bedtime, but the masterpiece it is, of course, is sooooo far. My rating 4 only great love for Werber .

Monday, November 25, 2019

History paintings

History paintings Introduction Romanticism can be described as a period that was characterized by numerous changes in the works of art.1 Besides, the period of romanticism is estimated to have existed between 1760 and1870. During this era, numerous changes occurred in the works of art coupled with reactions against the rise of Neoclassicism that was taking shape in most parts of Europe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History paintings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More History painting artists such as Kauffmann, David, Delacroix and Gros were against what was particularly referred to as the Age of Reason, the Enlightenment, or rather the18th-century materialism. Romanticism was characterized by passion, imagination, autonomy and independence.2 Additionally, it emphasized on favorite historical art subjects, nature, people and landscapes. The Romantic Movement first developed in northern Europe as part of rejecting the new technical sta ndards of art which were fast emerging.3 It is against this scope that this paper aims to explore the aspect of romanticism in the history of painting by considering the works of artists such as Kauffmann, David, Delacroix and Gros. Kauffmann: It is apparent that Kauffmann was one of the prominent artists who were among the remarkable history painters during 18th century.4 He emerged as an active painter who used figural arrangements of old sculptures, poses and vase paintings. The artist figuratively influenced the stylistic trends of his times. For this reason, she emerges as a lucrative academic painter and thus left a mark in the field of history painting. Historical records have revealed that Kauffmann made inspirational and editorial paintings that were based on her lovely imaginations. Besides, she had made several fine etchings, friezes and ceilings. Myriad of decorations which she made around 1771-81 can be traced in some of the deluxe houses in Rome. 5 During the late 1770 s, the artist did history paintings mainly for monetary returns. Shortly after this period, Kauffmann drew her attention on neoclassicism. She produced paintings that were based on historical events that existed in ancient Rome an Athens. During this era, neoclassicism considered the work of art from the esteemed artistic perspective. Kauffmann participated in the movement. She produced a lot of exhibits mostly nude models that were used to illustrate the anatomy of human body. Moreover, she made historical paintings on landscapes and flowers. Regardless of the fact that painting of nude pictures by women was highly criticized she fairly improved her skill at drawing and painting human forms. To ward off criticism, she painted nude paintings and draped them with clothesAdvertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to research evidences on Kauffmann works; it is evident tha t she participated on exhibitions at Royal Academy in 1769. She presented four of her history pieces referred to as the iliad and odyssey.6 Out of the remarkable praise she received from the paintings, she was motivated to do more entries. Other remarkable entries include the â€Å"Venus showing Aeneas and Achates the way to carthage†.7 Evidence has that Kauffmans history paintings were different from works of other artists of her time because she portrayed women at the center of the events she painted. In addition to this, it is beyond doubt that Kauffman established a gender neutral figure in her works. In return this became an upcoming image that illustrated her personal understanding of gender parity. As an outstandingly successful female painter, she received privileges that most women were denied. For instance she received a membership in the Royal Academy that positioned her in better ground to exhibit her work.8 This position enabled her to bring a new perspective to history painting, particularly rendering the human figure. In producing gender neutral figures she managed to highlight the female role in most of her history painting. Due to the emergence of romanticism in the 18th century, Kauffman experienced all of these societal pressures and serious criticism rose against her works. However, she was able to ward off the critics as a woman and understood fully her role as an artist. During the wave of romanticism, only writers and poets were able to give their initial expression to romantic ideas. In that case, painters remained subject to such ideas and feelings. However, Kauffman acquired her inspirations from the romantic literature of the period. With the romantic movements Kauffmann gained awareness of how various form of arts interacted. Romantic critics asserted that that experience of insightful inner emotion was the major theme of creation and pleasure of art. For this reason, Kauffman became more determined to make her work pleasurab le and insightful irrespective of the critics.9 To achieve this, she explored the idea of genders neutrality and incorporated it in her history paintings. Moreover, she emphasized effeminacy, androgyny, cross-dressing and the mother as hero.10Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History paintings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, by incorporating cross-dressing and androgynous images, she reinvented the figures in history painting to emphasize on the theme of gender neutrality. It is beyond doubt that Kauffman was a highly privileged female artist who was talented and accepted in the masculine realm.11 Throughout her work, she incorporated all the aspects of romanticism in art such as originality, creativity, heightened sensation, fascination and emotional pleasure. Below is sample of Kauffmann works of art. Description: Angelica Kauffmann, her own portrait Source:  http://academics.smcvt.edu/awerbel/Surve y%20of%20Art%20History%20II/NeoclassicandRomantic.htm Description: Angelica Kauffmann, Cornelia Pointing to her Children as Her Treasures, 1785, Oil on Canvas. Jacques David David’s art initially embodied the neo-classicism style that was dominant in France during the late 18th to early 19th century.12 During this time, he flourished in styling rigorous contours, polished surfaces, history painting and sculptured forms. He abandoned the style due to its primacy and hence set a radical redefinition for the history of painting that drew their themes upon ancient events and distant civilization. David s work was grounded on the new found freedom of expressing emotions after countering neoclassicism.13Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his new style, he painted nature in it wild state that later stirred up creative imaginations. That’s not withstanding, David became a prominent artist of history and a virtual dictator of art. This artist was perfect in ethical paintings that focused of the moral climate that existed during the ancient periods Later on, the artist gained interest on romanticism as a student leader in France. He dealt with history paintings that made him to become renown worldwide. He was a landscape artist who achieved dramatic visualization in his pictorial work. Apparently, David had a marvelous mastery of his work as it was depicted on the effect of light and color on his exhibitions.14 Some of his remarkable works include the Hay wagon, snow storm and steam boat off a harbor mouth.15 It is apparent that romanticism influenced Jacques to appeal to the human need to appreciate the work of art since his exhibits held standard s of beauty that heightened public sensation. With the new rom antic style, David got an opportunity to adventure in repertoire subjects through painting that made him get exiled to Belgium in 1816.16 David History painting emerged as the most notable works of art. Several of his collections are still preserved in world renowned museums as exhibits. Below are samples of David’s works of art.17 1780 Source:  http://academics.smcvt.edu/awerbel/Survey%20of%20Art%20History%20II/NeoclassicandRomantic.htm Description: Jacques Louis-David, Oath of the Horatii, 1784-1785, Oil on Canvas Background of Eugene Delacroix One of the most remarkable aspects of romantic literature and art history that portrayed the natural world and expressed intense emotion and passion in the history of France came from Eugene Delacroix.18 Rubin describes Delacroix in his earthshaking article Eugene Delacroix as the most influential and greatest French painter and writer in the history of the French Romantic Movement.19 Delacroix (1798-1863) made astonishing use of colors in his paintings which many art scholars claim were very instrumental in developing the impressionist and post-impressionist activities. It is imperative to point out here that his exotic locale was important for his artistic work as not only entranced him, but also provided inspiration for his art and a source for his high and mundane artistic elements.20 Delacroix works Wilkin points out in her publication that one of the most defining literary pieces done by Delacroix was the Journal d’Eugene Delacroix which greatly displays his extensive and substantial literacy.21 It illuminates and describes his paintings while articulating his view on life, politics and art. As a matter of fact, his artistic beauty as described in the paper has been inspired by writings of Sir Walter Scott, Shakespeare, Goethe and Dante. Additionally, it represents unique contribution to the study of painting history.22 Liberty Leading the People Liberty Leading the People is one of the most ep ochal and monumental paintings made by Delacroix in response to an event in France described by biographers as a political upheaval of 1830 which almost caused the then reigning monarch called Charles X to be overthrown by the opposition.23 Spitzer describes the painting as a complex one that is weighed down with spectrums of emotions like despair, anger and grand heroism, and which is pregnant with historical references of the political upheaval.24 It is important to note that the painting characterizes French Romanticism which is expressed in complex interaction of colors showing dark shadows and brightly reflective areas. Rubin concurs with Spitzer’s view of the painting and suggests that the complex communication of colors, like rapid-fire brushwork creates vivid contrasts which augments the sense of energy and movement as well as activating the surface of the painting.25 Figure I: A Liberty Leading the People painting by Delacroix Tim argues that the unique style of pai nting Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People shows that he did not depend on the subtle and painstaking modulation of colors.26 Tim hinges this argument on the view that the painting has broken away from the tradition of painting and instead applied traces of shocking, brilliant and pure color pigment.27 From the diagram above, a person can clearly observe primary colors like the yellow, blue and the powerful reds which appear in sharp notes. In agreement, Trapp indicates that the effects in the picture are electrifying and vivid especially when observed against broad gray and brown areas.28 He concludes that this style faultlessly corresponds with the event and shows how liberty is advancing over barricades that are made of debris, and signify Parisian rebellion.29 Modern Nike Another fascinating piece of art history personifying freedom and standing in the tangled streets of France is the Modern Nike which the French refer to as Marianne.30 Scholars of history argue that be fore the 19th century, the largely medieval city of Paris and its streets were developed without a plan and this made it to appear chaotic. Nicholas posits that the warren, tousled and disheveled streets of Paris with narrow alleys presented major social and economic problems as they slowed down the movement of troops, trade and travel.31 It is in this crowded area that Delacroix artistic work personifying freedom, democracy and revolution stands.32 Figure 2: A Modern Nike sculpture in France representing romanticism Podro describes the piece of art clothed in a drapery circling the hips and which is being spun by wind as a picture that has a touch of classical statuary.33 It is on the imitation of Delacroix’s Modern Nike work that certain works like the Hellenistic sculpture with spiraling costume of the late ancient Greek and the Samothrace Nike were found.34 Of utmost importance to analysts in the picture in figure I is the idea behind Delacroix exposing Marianne’s breasts, and which analyst posit that since the figure is not a real human being, the exposure indicates an embodiment of an idea. Indeed, Marianne signifies a democracy that was created in ancient Greece. Delacroix uses partial nudity to refer to that kind of ancient democracy. In addition, the exposed breast depicts the first revolution in France which began in 1798 and created a new democratic state which was seen as an infant which needed to suckle from the breasts of its mother Marianne, and who represented freedom.35 Class distinctions Delacroix describes the phenomenon of class distinction in the history of France in the portrait below that show a menacing crowd that is partially hidden by a heavy smoke from the raging battle.36 Brown points out that these figures play a pivotal role of representing individuals of very different economic and social positions.37 For instance, the man with a jacket, Waistcoat and a top hat falls in the category of middle class citizens while t he second figure in a cap and white shirt represents a laborer and a member belonging to a lower class. Delacroix message in this picture clearly shows how in fighting a ruling aristocracy, a revolution has the power to unite different classes.38 Figure 3: A picture showing class distinction in France Rebellion and its consequences The foreground of figure I above shows bodies of two dead people with the one on the left side meant to enrage those who see it. Southgate argues that Delacroix brings the excesses and brutality exhibited by the king’s troops.39 In essence, the impression created by the painting is that of pure propaganda. The other dead person on the left epitomizes how the royal troops carry out despised practices of terror. The picture shows an individual in a nightshirt who seems to have been dragged from the comfort of his bedroom into the streets into the streets where he ends up being shot.40 In addition, there is a dead figure in uniform lying at the right side which Delacroix brings out as a royalist and an enemy who in such instances is vulnerable. At the far right end of the picture there are buildings like the Notre Dame de Paris and the great Gothic Cathedral, which symbolize the power of the king and which in the picture are flying in the tricolor triumphantly.41 Conclusion To sum up, the discussion has clearly indicated that the period of romanticism was characterized by flourishing intellectual movement in Europe in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Many artists, composers, writers and philosophers responded to the complexity of that age with pieces of art showing the implications of the period. Besides, in the analysis, it is clear that the romantic thought during this time largely reflected organic conception of interconnections, the society and an individual’s life. Bibliography Ann-Marie, Michel. Delacroix and My Modern Masters. ARTnews 9, no.8(1999): 160- 168. Barbara, Gabriel. â€Å"Performing theory , performing gender: critical postscript†. Essays on Canadian Writing 54, no.6 (1994) 237-260. Barkley, Wilson. â€Å"JacquesLouis David†. Smithsonian 29, no. 5(1998), 80-91. Bordes, Philippe. Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile. Exhibition catalogue. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005. Brookner, Anita. Romanticism and Its Discontents. New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux, 2000. Brown, Bronwen. â€Å"The Cambridge companion to Delacroix†. Reference Review 16, no.1 (2002): 39. Crow, Thomas. Emulation: David, Drouais, and Girodet in the Art of Revolutionary France. Rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. Galitz, Calley. The Legacy of Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825). In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000. Gibson, Michael. â€Å"Indelibly Delacroix†. The World I 13, no. 9 (1998): 112-117. Gossman, Lionel. â€Å"Painting the Sacred in the Age of Romanticism†. The Catholic Historical Review 97, no.3 (2011): 597-599. Kaufman, James Sternberg, Robert. The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Laurent, Annie. â€Å"Painting and the Journal of Eugà ¨ne Delacroix†. Revue de Littà ©rature Comparà ©e 281, no.4 (2007): 107-109. Nersessian, Anahid. â€Å"Romanticism, History, Historicisin: Essays on an Orthodoxy†. Studies in Romanticism 50, no. 2 (2011): 377-386. Nicholas, Williams. â€Å"Romanticism and Popular Culture in Britain and Ireland†. Nineteenth Century Literature 66, no. 1 (2011): 122-139. Pantazzi, Michael. â€Å"Memory in landscape: Corot at the National Gallery†. Queens Quarterly 103, no. 2 (1996): 286-297. Pauly, Rebecca. â€Å"Baudelaire and Delacroix on Tasso in Prison: Romantic reflections on a Renaissance martyr†. College Literature 30, no.2 (2003): 120-136. Podro, Michael. â€Å"Wrestling with the Angel: The mystery of Delacroixs mural†. TLS, the Times Literary Supplement 5 2, no.21 (2003): 30. Pollock, Griselda. The Female Hero and the Making of a Feminist Canon. Differencing the canon: feminist desire and the writing of arts histories. London: Routledge, 1999. Pontara, Tobias. â€Å"Beethoven Overcome: Romantic and Existentialist Utopia in Andrei Tarkovskys Stalker†. Nineteenth Century Music 34, no.3 (2011): 302-315,356. Rosenthal, Angela. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2006. Rosenthal, Angelica. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. Rubin, James. â€Å"Delacroixs Dante and Virgil as a romantic manifesto†. Art Journal 52, no. 2 (1993): 48. Rubin, James. â€Å"Eugene Delacroix†. ARTnews 97, no.11(1998): 155. Shelton, Andrew. â€Å"Ingres versus Delacroix†. Art History 23, no.5 (2000): 726-742. Southgate, Therese. â€Å"The cover†. JAMA 285, no.4 (2001): 375. Spitzer, Alan. â€Å"Delacroix, Art, and Patrimony in Post-Rev olutionary France†. The Journal of Modern History 78, no.2 (2006): 496-498. Stauffer, Andrew. â€Å"Dreaming in Books: The making of the bibliographic imagination in the Romantic Age†. Studies in Romanticism 50, no.1 (2011): 213-216,218. Tim, Wilson. â€Å"Delacroix, art, and patrimony in post-Revolutionary France†. Choice 42, no.4 (2004): 649-650. Trapp, Ferdinand. â€Å"The paintings of Eugene Delacroix: A critical catalogue: Fourth supplement and reprint of third supplement†. Choice 41, no.1(2003): 136-137. Wilkin Karen. â€Å"Art: Drawn to Revolution†. Wall Street Journal. Web. Footnotes 1 Anita Brookner. Romanticism and Its Discontents. (New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux, 2000), p.88. 2 Angelica Rosenthal. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 56. 3 See (Romanticism and its discontent), p.101 4Angela Rosenthal. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2 006), p. 32. 5 Ibid 1 p.63 6 Angelica Rosenthal. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 99 7 Ibid 1, p.113 8 Ibid 2, pg 117 9 Angelica Rosenthal. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. (New Haven: Yale Univ Press, 2006), p. 115. 10 Wilson Barkley. Jacques Louis David. Smithsonian, 29.5(1998) p.83 11 James Kaufman Sternberg, Robert. The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), p.94. 12 Griselda Pollock. The Female Hero and the Making of a Feminist Canon. Differencing the canon: feminist desire and the writing of arts histories. (London: Routledge, 1999), p.18 13 Wilson Barkley. JacquesLouis David. Smithsonian, 29, 5(1998), p.80 14Calley Galitz. The Legacy of Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825). In Heilbronn Timeline of Art History. (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000), p. 6 15 Philippe Bordes. Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile. Exhibition catalogue. (New Haven: Yale University Pre ss, 2005).p.77 16 Ibid 2, p 86 17 Philippe Bordes. Jacques-Louis David: Empire to Exile. Exhibition catalogue. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005).p 22. 18 Rebecca Pauly. Baudelaire and Delacroix on Tasso in Prison: Romantic reflections on a Renaissance martyr. College Literature. 30.2 (2003), 120. 19 James Rubin. Eugene Delacroix. ARTnews. 97,11(1998)155 20 Michael Gibson. Indelibly Delacroix. The World I, 13.9 (1998): 115. 21 Karen Wilkin. â€Å"Art: Drawn to Revolution†. Wall Street Journal. 22 Annie Laurent. Painting and the Journal of Eugà ¨ne Delacroix. Revue de Littà ©rature Comparà ©e, 281, 107. 23 Michael Pantazzi. Memory in landscape: Corot at the National Gallery. Queens Quarterly, 103. 2 (1996)292. 24 Alan Spitzer. Delacroix, art and patrimony in post-revolutionary France. The Journal of Modern History 78, 2(2006): 496-498. 25 See ‘Eugene Delacroix’ 26 Wilson Tim. Delacroix, art, and patrimony in post-revolutionary France. Choice, 42.4 (2004) 649-650. 27 Rosenthal Angela. Angelica Kauffman: Art and Sensibility. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2006, p.57 28 Gabriel Barbara. Performing theory, performing gender: critical postscript. Essays on Canadian Writing, 54 (1994) 252. 29 Ferdinand Trapp. The paintings of Eugene Delacroix: A critical catalogue: Fourth supplement and reprint of third supplement. Choice, 41.1(2003) 137. 30 James Rubin. Delacroixs Dante and Virgil as a romantic manifesto. Art Journal, 52. 2 (1993): 48. 31 Williams Nicholas. Romanticism and popular culture in Britain and Ireland. Nineteenth Century Literature, 66. 1 (2011)126, 139. 32 Anahid Nersessian. Romanticism, History, Historicisin: Essays on Orthodoxy. Studies in Romanticism, 50.2 (2011), 380, 386. 33 Michael Podro. Wrestling with the Angel: The mystery of Delacroixs mural. TLS, the Times Literary Supplement, (5221) (2003)30 34 Lionel Gossman. Painting the sacred in the Age of Romanticism. The Catholic Historical Review 97, no.3 ( 2011): p.597. 35 Andrew Stauffer. Dreaming in Books: The making of the bibliographic imagination in the Romantic Age. Studies in Romanticism, 50, no. 1 (2011), p. 219. 36Thomas Crow. Emulation: David, Drouais, and Girodet in the Art of Revolutionary France. Rev. ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 43. 37 Bronwen Brown. The Cambridge companion to Delacroix. Reference Reviews 16, no.1 (2002), p.39. 38 Michel Ann-Marie. Delacroix and My Modern Masters. ARTnews 9, no. 8(1999): p.165. 39 Therese Southgate. The cover. JAMA 285, no.4 (2001): 375. 40 Andrew Shelton. Ingres versus Delacroix. Art History 23, no.5 (2000), p.742. 41 Tobias Pontara. Beethoven overcome: Romantic and existentialist utopia in Andrei Tarkovskys stalker. Nineteenth Century Music, 34.3 (2011), 315, 356.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

The work and biography of Leonardo Davinci Essay

The work and biography of Leonardo Davinci - Essay Example Later on, da Vinci moved back to stay with his father’s new family where he did not face condemnation but a warm welcome. He spent his earlier years at Vinci on his father’s family estate. His uncle was a great influence during this time of his life. His uncle loved nature. This influenced da Vinci’s paintings and other works later in life (Byfield 52). He was so fascinated by the beauty of nature in his original home (Tuscany) that he opted to learn all about nature and its workings. Copying nature, controlling it or learning from it was a motivation in Leonardo’s inventions. Leonardo’s true potential was a result of his driven and positive attitude with his limitless energy originating from his inner insight to complete his goals. When he was young, his cleverness made it easy for him to grasp arithmetic and music. With a natural talent for singing, he hired a tutor to learn the lyre and further develop that skill. He went on to become a painting novice under the tutelage of Andrea Del Verrocchio who was a skilled artisan, artist, sculptor, goldsmith and painter. He implemented the science he learned on the paintings he made. He sketched and studied rock formations fossils and caves. His brilliance was also seen in creating things like diving suits, helicopter and submarines during his period as an apprentice (Spielvogel 20). After completing his education, he lived with Andrea del Verrocchio helping him in his works until 1478 when he became completely independent. His first renowned and commissioned work was done around this time. This was the work he did for Scopeto monastery based in San Donato in Florence namely the Adoration of the Magi. However, he never completed this work because his love for Milan made him leave to go and work as a painter, engineer and sculptor for the Sforza ruling dynasty. While there, his jobs were diverse ranging from artillery designing, to river

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Economics of Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Economics of Education - Assignment Example Hanushek uses statistical analysis, typically regression analysis, to analyze results from a total of 137 studies. He samples the work to smaller groups depending on the number of researches that used a given parameter. He investigates three main factors that have greatly been used to determine basic school expenditures namely schools, expenditure and achievement. According to most researches, instructional expenditures accounts for approximately two thirds of a school’s expenditure. Instructional expenditures are determined by class sizes and teacher salaries. For these reason, he sampled a total of 7 expenditure parameters used in a majority of the investigated studies. These parameters include teacher/pupil ratio, teacher experience, teacher education, teacher salary, administrative inputs, expenditure/pupil, and facilities. By analyzing the impact of each of these parameters, Hanushek sought to show that there is no strong correlation between the level of expenditure and t he school performance and therefore, school policies should not be formulated based on this (Hanushek ). He carried out extensive regression analysis to show how results from different studies were statistically insignificant with the use of the seven parameters. The second study by Hedges et al. reanalyzes the literature review done by Hanushek. The researchers in this case began by setting a null hypothesis that the educational resource inputs do not have an impact on the performance of students. They used different statistical methods of analysis and the same data used by Hanushek to show that Hanushek’s vote count was inconsistent with the null hypothesis. They used a normal curve to show how the conclusions failed to consider basics of statistics analysis. Among the defects they were able to show in Hanushek’s work include failure to provide indications for the effects’ magnitude and using vote counting, yet it depicts low power in detecting defects. They c oncluded that Hanushek made a type II statistical analysis error by using this statistical method. To correct the mistakes in Hanushek’s work, they used sophisticated procedures namely combined significance tests and effect magnitude analysis. Combined significance tests are done by combining the p-values of significance values from all the studies that test similar conceptual hypothesis but uses different outcome measures and designs. Using this method, Hedge et al were able to show that there is a significant positive relationship between input resources and student performance. Effect magnitude analysis method is a method where coefficients from independent studies are combined. This method of analysis was also able to show a positive relationship between school inputs and performance. They used standard deviation methods to standardize both inputs as well as outputs. Question 2 Although both studies used the same data set to analyze the data, they had different conclusion s. Hanushek concluded that expenditure was statistically insignificant on student performance, while Hedge et al concluded that all the seven inputs had a positive effect on student performance. According to Hedge et al, the amount of expenditure input can help improve general student and school performance. These differences in conclusion are

Monday, November 18, 2019

On Medical Surgical Type II DM Patients, How does RNs Obtaining Their Research Paper

On Medical Surgical Type II DM Patients, How does RNs Obtaining Their Own Accu Check Findings Compared to Nursing Assistants Obtaining the Accu Check After Timely Insulin Delivery - Research Paper Example The paper will also focus on the organization culture, expected outcomes of the solution, methods used to achieve the outcomes and the impact of these outcomes on quality of care. A good and meaningful solution to the core question of this research paper is to let nurses to take their Accu-Chek findings and adjust their staffing ratios. Currently on the med-surg units, during the day shift the nurse patient ratio is 5:1 while the night shift nurse patient ratio is 6:1. Increasing the number of nurses will enable the nurses to obtain Accu-Chek readings more easily and effectively while at the same time increasing efficiency in the hospital. The newly hired nurses would undergo training on the use of Accu-Chek meters as is the requirement by both the manufacturing company and hospital policy. A closer look at the practice in today’s hospitals would give a general idea of current practice. For example, The State Hospital of Utah has a Nursing Policy and Procedure Manual that states that all it’s newly hired staff are to receive training on the use of Accu-chek (2005). This is a realistic intervention to the setting because it increases the total number of nurses available resulting in the nurses being in a better position to take their own Accu-Chek readings and institute any urgent action that may arise based on the readings obtained. The nurses currently stationed at the hospital can train the newly hired nurses on how to use the Accu-Chek meter. This would reduce the cost of implementing this intervention to the cost of hiring new nurses. But is the intervention consistent with the organizations culture and resources? The members of staff have a basic idea of EBS. The resources required to implement the intervention are minimal as only a few nurses would be hired. The nurses would educate the newly hired nurses on the use of the Accu-Chek meter. This would allow prompt

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The Millennium Development Goals Mdgs Sociology Essay

The Millennium Development Goals Mdgs Sociology Essay The Millennium Development Goals are an integrated set of eight goals and 18 time-bound targets for extending the benefits of globalization to the worlds poorest citizens. The goals aim to stimulate real progress by 2015 in tackling the most pressing issues facing developing countries poverty, hunger, inadequate education, gender inequality, child and maternal mortality, HIV/AIDS and environmental degradation. UNDP helps countries formulate national development plans focused on the MDGs and chart national progress towards them through the MDG reporting process (Wacc, 2006). In most developing countries, gender inequality is a major obstacle to meeting the MDG targets. In fact, achieving the goals will be impossible without closing the gaps between women and men in terms of capacities, access to resources and opportunities, and vulnerability to violence and conflict. Millennium Development Goal 3 is to promote gender equality and empower women. The goal has one target: to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005 and to all levels of education no later than 2015. Four indicators are used to measure progress towards the goal: the ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education; the ratio of literate women to men in the 15-to 24-year-old age group; the share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector; and the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments. The existence of a separate goal on gender equality is the result of decades of advocacy, research and coalition-building by the international womens movement. Its very existence demonstrates that the global community has accepted the centrality of gender equality and womens empowerment to the development paradigm- at least at the rhetorical level. Gender inequality means inequality between men and women in accessing the existing resources (Saroukhani 1991:673). In the view of Krammara Treicehr any kind of behavior, policy, languages, and other actions that represents a fixed, comprehensive, and institutionalized view in regard to women as inferior beings, means gender inequality. (1985:185). Therefore, gender inequality refers to the differences between men and women in receiving social and economic advantages which is often to the benfit of men at the expense of women, which means men take superiority over women. Men and women experience the world of work quite differently. Wage disparities, occupational sex segregation, and gender differences in authority, for example, are well recognized (e.g., Padavic and Reskin 2002). Despite distinguished changes in work, meaningful differences in these areas remain persistent features of contemporary society (England 2006, 2010). While there are certainly other factors at play, this paper focuses on discrimination in a variety forms, including in hiring (Gorman 2005; Goldin and Rouse 2000), promotions (Olson and Becker 1983), wages (Meitzen 1986), glass ceiling, and as well as sexual harassment (Welsh 1999).Of course, documenting the contemporary occurrence of gender discrimination in employment is only a first step. As Reskin (2000, 320) argues, We need to move beyond demonstrating that employment discrimination exists, and investigate why it persists in work organizations. We must look at processes that lead to unequal outcomes for women and men. The real challenge is to uncover how discrimination unfolds in actual work settings. The issue of gender inequality can be considered as a universal feature of developing countries.One of the areas of disparity between males and females is related to the difference in their employment status which is present through occupational segregation, gender-based wage gaps, and womens unequal image in informal employment, unpaid work and higher unemployment rates (UNFPA, 2005). As women in developing countries have low status in the community, the activities they perform tend to be valued less; and womens low status is also perpetuated through the low value placed on their activities (March et al., 1999). In the case of Mauritius, even though there has been a rapid change in the society where women have reached a high level and hold status such as Judges, Directors, Engineers which were unconceivable to be the fields where women could emerged; there are still some occupation where women are entangled in the culture norms and could not take the lead. For example, there are some sectors such as Fire Men at the Fire Services where there are no female officers. There are less women who work as Electrician, Plumber or even Carpenter, as these occupations do not allow women to perform well due to their physical strength. Besides there is no doubt that there are organisations which are gender biased. Most of the organisations are entirely rules by male managerial culture as when organisations were first performed; only males were in the paid workforce.   Despite there has been an increased in the education field at all level and the increase of women in the workforce, there has been a minor change to the men dominated culture in the workplace where women are still treated as inferior agents. Our study focused on how gender inequality still has an impact on the Mauritian female within the workplace. General context An Overview of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries The issue of gender inequality can be considered as a universal aspect of developing countries. Unlike women in developed countries who are, in relative terms, economically empowered and have a powerful voice that demands an audience and positive action, women in developing countries are generally silent and their voice has been stifled by economic and cultural factors. Economic and cultural factors, together with institutional factors state the gender-based division of labour, rights, responsibilities, opportunities, and access to and control over resources. Education, literacy, access to media, employment, decision making, among other things, are some of the areas of gender disparity. One of the areas of disparity between males and females is related to the difference in their employment status which is distinct by occupational segregation, wage inequality, and womens unequal representation in informal occupation, unpaid work and higher unemployment rates (UNFPA, 2005). As women in developing countries have low status in the community, the activities they perform tend to be valued less; and womens low status is also perpetuated through the low value placed on their activities (March et al., 1999). In-depth analysis of DHS by Hindin (2005) showed that only 17% of women in Zimbabwe, 12% in Zambia and 4% in Malawi have higher status job than their partners. The respective percentages of women whose partners have higher status jobs are 52, 43 and 53. Women are also overrepresented in the informal sector. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 84% of womens non-agricultural employment is informal compared to 63% of mens. The figure is found to be 58% and 48% for women and men, respectively in Latin America (UNFPA, 2005). Studies generally show that women are more likely to be engaged in work which is for longer hours than men. For instance, in 18 of the 25 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, greater than 50% of women were employed and even in six of these countries the percentage of employed women was greater than 75% (Mukuria et al.,2005). However, as most of the employed women work in agricultural and other activities which are mostly considered to be having limited or no financial returns, their employment does not contribute much to their status in the workplace. Thus, women in those countries are dependent on their partners in most aspects of their life. In spite of its importance in enabling women to get access to information about personal health behaviours and practices, household, and community, the percentage of women exposed to different types of media is limited in most developing countries. Womens limited access to education, employment opportunity, and media, attached with cultural factors, reduces their decision making power in the society in general and in a household in particular. Regarding their participation in decision making at national level, though the number of women in national parliaments has been increasing, no country in the world has yet achieved gender parity. According to the millennium indicators data base of the United Nations, cited in the UNFPA (2005), the percentage of parliamentary seats held by women in 2005 was 16% at world level, 21% in developed countries, and 14% in developing countries. This low representation of women in national parliaments could be due, among others, to type of electoral systems in different countries, womens social, economic status and beliefs about womens place in the family and society, and womens double responsibilities for work and family (UNFPA, 2005). Women are underrepresented in the formal sector of employment. The survey conducted by the Central Statistical Authority (CSA, 2004) showed that women account for less than half (43%) of the total employees in the country. Considering the percentage of female employees from the total number of employees by employment type, the highest was in domestic activities (78%) and followed by unpaid activities (59.3%). In other types of formal employment (e.g. government, NGOs, private organizations), the percentage of female workers is less than 35. On the other hand, the survey showed overrepresentation of female workers in the informal sector. About 58% of working women work in the informal sector whereas the percentage of working men in the informal sector was 37.7 % (ibid).The breakdown of the federal government employees by occupational groups also indicated gender disparity. From federal government employees found in the clerical and fiscal type of jobs 71.3 % were female, while the percentage of females was slightly more than half (51%) in custodial and manual type of jobs. Women make up 25% and 18% of the administrative and professional and scientific job categories, respectively, indicating that upper and middle level positions are overwhelmingly dominated by men (Federal Civil Service Commission, 2005). This concentration of women in the informal sector and low level positions has implication on their earnings. In this regard, the survey showed four out of ten women civil servants earn Birr 300 a month compared to two out of ten for men (Federal Civil Service Commission, 2005).Ethiopian womens access to mass media is one of the lowest. In their DHS comparative report, Mukuria et al. (2005) show that, among 25 Sub-Saharan African countries. Chapter 2 Component of gender inequality-horizontal and vertical segregation Jonung (1984, p. 45) defines the presence of occupational gender segregation as when women and men are given different occupations that is reliable with their overall shares of employment, irrespective of the nature of job that they have. Gender segregation mean when the percentage of one gender is higher than that of males and females in an occupation. It reflects the gender differences in employment opportunity. The number of occupation with segregation against women is far greater than the number of occupations with segregation against men. Occupational gender segregation consists of two main component dimensions known as horizontal and vertical segregation (Blackburn et al, 2000). Horizontal segregation is known as under or over representation of certain group in the workplace which is not ordered by any criterion (Bettio and Verashchagina, 2009). According to Anker (1998) horizontal segregation is an absolute and universal characteristic of contemporary socio-economic systems. It focuses mainly when men and women possess different physical, emotional and mental capabilities. Such discrimination occurs when women are categorized as less intelligent, hormonal and sensitive (Acker 1990). Women are labeled as unreliable and dependent workers when they are pregnant. They are less competent as they will not work as long and hard as others. They become more stressful and sensible to tiny issues happen in the workplace. Martin (1994) declared that in masculine management style, most of the time women possess soft skills and men possess hard skills. It is this concept which creates gender segregation in the workplace. Vertical segregation referred to the under or over representation of a clearly identifiable group of workers in the workplace at the top of an ordering based on desirable attributes such as income, prestige, authority and power. Huffman (1995) finds that women do not possess enough supervisory authority at work, in education, occupational experience and prestige. One reason that women lack authority is because most women are more concentrated in female-dominated occupations which comprise fever position of authority than male-dominated occupations. Moreover, it is viewed that mens have greater status value, that is mens personality are more valuable than womens and they are much more skilled. (Broverman et al. 1972; Deaux and Kite 1987; Eagly 1987). Men possess more powerful position in the workplace (Bridges Nelson 1989). Womens wage rates are lower than mens even if their qualifications are similar. As women enter in the workplace, this reduces the level of prestige related with the task and men leave these occupations. Sex discrimination-discrimination, harassment and glass ceiling In many parts of the world, women have experienced breakthroughs in their rights in employment. Despite these advances, women from every country and culture continue to face sex discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace. The international community has recognized both discrimination based on sex in the terms and conditions of employment and sexual harassment as violations of the fundamental human rights of women (Gudrun and Danya, 1998). Although sex discrimination is prohibited by law, it continues to be a widespread problem for working women. There are three forms of sex discrimination that have an effect on women in organizations: overt discrimination, sexual harassment and the glass ceiling. Each has negative effects on womens status and ability to perform well at work. Overt discrimination Overt discrimination is defined to make gender as a decisive factor for employment-related decisions. This type of discrimination was targeted by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited making decisions based on sex in employment-related matters such as hiring, firing, and promotions. It consist such behaviours as to refuse to hire women, to pay them inequitably or even to steer them to womens jobs. Overt discrimination also led to occupational sex segregation where jobs are classified by low pay, low status and short career ladders (Reskin, 1997). Sexual Harassment MacKinnon (1979:1) defined sexual harassment as the unwanted imposition of sexual requirements in the context of a relationship of unequal power. As in overt discrimination, sexual harassment is a persistent gendered problem for women in the workplace around the world. Sexual harassment is a type of sex discrimination, but one manifestation of the larger problem of employment-related discrimination against women. It now appears obvious that sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination. There are three psychological dimensions of sexual harassment that continued to persist worldwide: sexual coercion, gender harassment and useless sexual attention ((Fitzgerald et al., 1995; Gelfand et al., 1995). The case of sexual harassment in the workplace is mainly due to obtain more power and status than the opposite sex (e.g., Baugh, 1997; McKinney, 1992; Piotrkowski, 1998; Riger, 1991; Welsh, 1999) Statistical discrimination is another form of sex discrimination in the workplace, it consists of sex-typed job assignment (i.e. error discrimination-Aigner Cain 1977, England McCreary 1987, Bielby Baron 1986a). For example, employers put men into jobs which consist physical demands and women into jobs demanding social skills (Bielby Baron 1984, Farkas et al 1991). However, employers introduce gender segregation in job assignments exceeds technical or economic justifications: within the mixed-sex occupations that either sex could presumably perform, small differences in job requirements were accompanied by large differences in sex composition (Bielby Baron 1986a:782). The Glass ceiling The term the glass ceiling was coined in a 1986 Wall Street Journal report on corporate women. The glass ceiling is a concept that most frequently refers to invisible or artificial barriers that do not allow women from advancing past a certain level in corporations, government, education and nonprofit organization (Federal Glass Ceiling Commission -FGCC, 1997; Morrison and von Glinow, 1990). These barriers reflect discrimination a deep line of demarcation between those who prosper and those left behind. The glass ceiling is the unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements (Federal Glass Ceiling Commission 1995b:4; emphasis added). This official description suggests that the definition of glass ceiling must know that it reflects job inequality that is unexplained by a persons past qualifications or achievements; it reflects labor market discrimination, not ju st labor market inequality. For the purpose of this study, the glass ceiling concept is discussed regarding women who suffer from discrimination in the workplace. The usual method to know where there is discrimination is to look for inequalities that are unexplained by prior personality of the employees. Inequalities that originate from past discrimination in education or training or from choices that people make to pursue nonmarket goals such as family, volunteer work or leisure are not generally measured as part of a glass ceiling. Therefore, glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial difference that is not explained by other job-relevant characteristics of the employee. The glass ceiling is a third type of discrimination that affects women in the workplace and it is an important factor for women who do not get enough access to power and status in organizations. It also includes gender stereotypes, lack of opportunities for women to get promotion and prevent women to get higher income than men.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

A Modest Proposal for Euthanasia Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Arg

A Modest Proposal for Euthanasia Euthanasia is a controversy that cannot be resolved from a single court ruling or a single person’s opinion. Many proposals have been suggested based on various studies and surveys. In â€Å"You Say Murder, I Say Euthanasia,† Clair Rayner describes a notable proposal regarding extreme euthanasia cases. The proposal, which has been put into the Science of Museum forum, recommends complex cases to be considered individually. In â€Å"Assisted Suicide Largely Shunned,† the anonymous author offers statistics that oppose the ethics of euthanasia. In â€Å"You Say Murder, I Say Euthanasia,† Rayner commences the article by describing the exhibits of the Science Museum. One exhibit that the author discusses has a personal computer that operates as a euthanasia machine. The machine was given to the museum from the Voluntary Euthanasia Research Foundation of Australia. Many disabled people and euthanasia advocates relate differently to these exhibits presented in the museum. Rayner then introduces her proposal stating that complex cases, sometimes involving facts that are sometimes overlooked by court systems, need to be carefully examined individually (Rayner 31). Her proposal is based on the fact that the number of people who want voluntary euthanasia is small compared to the numbers who do not want treatment for euthanizing purposes. Legislation has offered laws that prohibit euthanasia in many areas but also permit it in other areas. Laws regarding euthanasia are useless when contemplating whether to euthanize a human being due to the fact that every case is unique. Rayner introduces us to the case involving Tony Bland, which serves as a precedent to the proposal. â€Å"When Tony Bland was app... ... Rayner, in his article, proposes a solution that would solve a lot of problems when doctors are confronted with the ethical dilemma of euthanasia. The idea that every case is distinct and needs to be analyzed individually is a noteworthy suggestion. Rayner does a plausible job in outlining the proposal in an orderly fashion. The author in the second article, however, presents a narrow-minded viewpoint that ignores the other side of the issue at hand. The statistics are disorganized and not supported by the author’s own thoughts and ideas. Despite this fact, the article supports the cons of euthanasia by exposing the audience to a number of surprising statistics regarding euthanasia. Works Cited Rayner, Clair. â€Å"You Say Murder, I Say Euthanasia.† New Statesman June 2000: 31 â€Å"Assisted Suicide Largely Shunned.† The Christian Century Dec 2000: 1267

Monday, November 11, 2019

Managing Culture and Change Essay

The present scenario has made the future of organizations uncertain. Companies that are excelling in their relevant industries right now may be pushed out in the near future by upstarts with better ideas and more versatility than them. It has happened so often in the past that the only certainty is that it will keep on happening in the future. The only long term sustainable competitive advantage that organizations can hope to create is through their people, and the behaviour of these people is largely determined by the corporate culture in which they are immersed. A successful corporate culture will see the organization through the near future, but unless the organization is proactive in its bid to keep on adapting to the changing business environment, that same corporate culture may sound the death knell for the organization in the future. CORPORATE CULTURE AND PERFORMANCE The question on every entrepreneur, every CEO, and on every member of the Board of Directors’ mind since before the inception of the concept of an organization as an institution has been: how to make more money? Once this fundamental urge has been recognized one can comprehend the reason behind the actions of the above-mentioned in ensuring the success of their respective organizations, as the evidence of past decades have proved that organizational success is the key determinant of greater financial reward for them; hence stemmed the need to identify the factors that would translate into success for an organization. The idea that an organizations culture would influence its performance is hardly new. ‘Search of Excellence’, published in 1982 and authored by Waterman and Peters made the concept famous, and in 1992 in ‘Corporate Culture and Performance’, Hesket and Kotter compared various organizations and the relation of their performance within a time period with their cultures. But with increasing research being conducted on the correlation between an organizations vision and the employees’ actions, doubt is cast on the efficacy of expecting that an organizations culture will determine its performance. Instead, consensus is being established that a few core values largely determine the success or failure of organizations. SUCCESS Success of an organization can be defined differently depending on the industry in which the organization operates. An organization in a high risk industry can view success as the ability to survive all these years. Another organization may view continuing growth over and above competitors as success, while still another might seek to become the market leader in its particular industry in order for it to be considered a success. Pyramid of Organizational Development Whatever the perception an organization has, in order to be successful an organization needs to follow six steps or tasks at each level of its growth in order for it to succeed at all of those stages. It needs to determine its market niche in which it will operate, develop the product/service accordingly, acquire the relevant resources be they land labour or capital, develops a system of standardized procedures for operations, and then the same for management, and finally, develop a corporate culture that management perceives as being important to lead the firm. Before any further discussion can be carried out, corporate culture must be defined as, a structure of collective values and beliefs that work together with the systems, the organizational structure, and the employees to produce norms, which then turn into what is necessary to the organization, and the processes of getting things done – the how and the why. It is an intangible aspect of an organization that cannot be seen, touched, heard or smelt, but is present nonetheless and which ultimately determines whether that organization will succeed or not. It is the core values that were mentioned earlier, to produce the norms that determine the behaviour of the employees, which ultimately determines the productivity and thus success of the firm. The steps taken together are framed as a hierarchical model into a pyramid of organizational development that emphasizes the importance of each step for the organizations development depending on the stage of growth the organization is in at that point. The last three of the steps form the structure that will be the sustainable competitive advantage of the firm, inimitable by competitors, thus ensuring long term success for the firm. ROLES OF CORPORATE CULTURE Corporate culture by itself plays several roles in the organization. It develops a cultural identity in an employee by establishing a commitment of the employee to achieving the organizations goals and objectives. That identity serves to increase the devotion and involvement of the employee by making him/her reconcile the organizations success as his/her own. Corporate culture also uses a deductive approach to align an employee’s behaviour with acceptable norms that have been already determined by the organization so that it need not worry about policing the employee to do what is right according to the organization. Instead of the management having to interfere now the employee’s peers can bring a maverick back in line with acceptable behaviour as determined by the values of the organization. In addition to these, an organizations culture acts as a motivational tool that is more effective than managerial insistence. However, if the organization’s stated values are out of sync with the culture that is being promoted the employees will become disillusioned with the organization and its stated commitment to quality of work life as the rewards will be based on the stated values as opposed to what the prevailing organizational culture promotes. TYPES OF CORPORATE CULTURE Strong The desired roles that the culture of the organization is to play and reality may starkly differ depending on the type of culture that is prevalent in the organization. A Strong Culture is reminiscent of an organization that spends a significant amount of time and resources in communication and reinforcement by management of the values of the organization to the various employees. This is facilitated by having well-defined vision and mission statements that have been established with the help of both the top and bottom rung of the organization. In addition, these statements and their espoused values are adopted by top management and thus succeed in their task of influencing the employees by convincing them of their commitment to the organization and its value system. Weak On the other hand a Weak Culture is quite the opposite, in its lack of cultural identity and the divergence of employee behaviour and organizational goals. A weak culture also involuntarily imparts an image of punishing those employees that might be working towards organizational success, through the actions of their peers who have this weak corporate value system ingrained into them. Thus there is little allegiance to the organization and little unity inside it. Unhealthy An Unhealthy corporate culture rests on the basis that change is undesirable. In such an environment risk-taking and experimentation for the sake of innovation is frowned upon, and so the organization has to seek ideas outside the firm for better practices and approaches. This is a costly result of the politicized environment that prevails in such an organization, where decisions are made based on the power wielded by the participants and not on the value of their respective input. Adaptive The fourth type of culture in an organization is an Adaptive one which is contrary to the unhealthy culture in its regard for entrepreneurial activities. Such an organization is a proactive entity that actively seeks out innovative and experimental solutions to any issues that might have to be faced. Risk taking is encouraged to the extent that employees might be funded to bring their ideas to life, in the recognition that successful adaption to the environment through risky enterprises enable the organization to prosper over its competitors. CONFLICT IN CORPORATE CULTURE An organizations culture is influenced by the social power of relationships, more specifically, the potential loss of those relationships. This invokes cognitive dissonance in a person more than does any other action, and thus motivates us the most to make sure that such a situation does not arise. From this motivation an organizations culture is developed as a means to protect these relationships, leading to the theory of conflict resolution and culture development. Social influences in the form of formal and informal networks, family networks, relationships with leaders, and legal regulations are what determine the behaviour of a person in an organization with regards to conflict resolution. Although conflict invariably leads to closer bond in relationships than before, it can also lead to rejection or coercion by one or both party. The conflict can only be resolved when both parties either cooperate in or reject the relationship. The eventual conflict resolution results in a differing viewpoint held by the onlookers as either a matter of public discourse or of private thought, which viewpoints are shared with others depending on the closeness of their relationship. And while cooperative conflict resolutions foster greater trust and unity, competitive conflict resolution in hierarchically dominated organizations, where management often passes judgement rather than mediates, results in a chasm between formal and informal cultures that causes a drop in organizational performance. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGERS Human Resource Management has become an increasingly important function in organizations with the findings of several researches supporting the relation between high-performance and HR practices. The recognition through these researches that the only long term sustainable competitive advantage that an organization enjoys is the capabilities of its human resource has further caused organizations to reinvent this previously neglected function as well as resulted in an increase in the perceived advantages of a strategically-focused Human Resource Department. Amongst these, cultural management is an important benefit that pertains to the development, communication, reinforcement, and change of the corporate culture to the employees. SUCCESSFUL CORPORATE CULTURE An organization’s corporate culture can either hinder or contribute to the success of a firm by influencing the behaviours and attitudes of employees with respect to the overall organizational strategy. A corporate culture that promotes behaviours that are aligned with the company’s values provides guidance to the employees with respect to the accepted norms of the organization and reinforces those peer actions that support the desired culture. The HR as the manager of the corporate culture aligns its own practices in an effort to increase commitment amongst employees towards achieving the desired vision of the organization by reaching their performance targets, and by engaging in adaptive and innovative entrepreneurial activities. A successful corporate culture is one which supports the organizations execution of its strategy, with the help of HR managers, who align the desired values of the organization with the values that are actually prevalent. While some organizations seek to prescribe specific corporate values that will lead to greater performance, it has been discovered that instead it is the fit of these values to the internal and external realities of the organization – the employees’ behaviour and the business environment – that the HR must focus on as a culturally compatible management system. To do so, the practices of the HR Management, more specifically, the staffing, training and development, incentive and payment packages, performance appraisals and job design, all become areas where HR can influence the cultural communication strategy. As a company that dedicated its existence to the production and sale of coffee, Starbucks has experience phenomenal growth to reach its current market leadership position. From generating sales of $122 million in 1993, Starbuck’s has grown to such an extent that its competitors have less outlets in all of the United States than Starbucks has in California. And the stated reason by its CEO, Howard Schultz, for this success is its people. â€Å"The way we treat our people affects the way they treat our customers and, in turn, our financial performance. † In lieu of this statement Starbucks offers good quality of work life to its employees, adopts diversity as an integral part of doing business, maintains a high standard in its production processes, develops its customers, engages in Corporate Social Responsibility, and recognizes the importance of maintaining profitability as a means of continued success. NOT-SO-SUCCESSFUL CORPORATE CULTURE Unfortunately, discovering the right fit of values that an organization can use as a component of its successful corporate strategy can become ‘the winner’s curse’ if left unmonitored, for while it is difficult to change any culture in any organization, changing a seemingly successful culture is next to impossible. No one wants to mess with a winning formula, whether due to superstition, the belief that it will weather any competition, or due to inability to accept that the environment has changed. Whatever the reason, history is replete with examples of how successful companies were brought to their knees by a more versatile competitor. The US automobile industry was indifferent of the lower-costing, higher-quality Japanese cars until it was too late, believing that the Japanese cars were just a momentary novelty. In the same way, until sales started decreasing fast Sears remained ignorant of the changes brought to the organizations environment by Wal-Mart. The McDonnell Douglas Corporation is another example of a company that failed to adapt to the changing environment, and was acquired by Boeing. Core Rigidities Inducting the use of Standard Operating Procedures as a means to increase production by cutting down on wastage of time and resources, while beneficial in producing economies of scale can be harmful to the future success of the firm as well. These procedures and routines can serve as a source of suitable solutions to any problems that might be faced, but in doing so negate the possibility of searching for knowledge and innovation outside the organization. Consequently the core competency of the firm is transformed into the core rigidity as exploration is shelved for exploitation. In addition to which, the feedback from the use of SOPs is ignored due to selective filter of already existing procedures which siphon out any corrective measures that the feedback might have been trying to highlight. This is largely due to the fact that no firm can keep changing forever. There is an absorptive capacity for every organization beyond which it is incapable of adapting to any more change. Crisis The only way to break out of such a potentially hazardous ‘advantage’ is for there to be an existence of a crisis that jolts the organization out of its routine. Some companies even try to introduce the perception of a crisis in the organization in order to stimulate innovation, such as Hewlett Packard, following the story by Sturgeon, ‘Microcosmic God’ in which Sturgeon talks of a miniature world which is introduced to numerous difficulties such as earthquakes, and droughts, and whose inhabitants are forced to either evolve or die out. While such practices might seem unethical it is disputed whether it is more advisable to let a firm fail because the leader of the organization could not bring it upon himself/herself to fool the employees for their future benefit. CONCLUSION If an organization’s successful culture eventually ends up costing the organization in the future, can it really be deemed a ‘successful’ corporate culture? Up to the limit of an organization’s absorptive capacity, a successful corporate culture should be redefined as a culture that while maintains all the characteristics as mentioned previously, is also a culture that can recognize that no matter what the fit of the organization’s culture is at present, that fit can change, and the possibility of that change should not be ignored, rather it should be actively sought out. And while it is a difficult thing to change a culture at any point, the organization should be ready to do so if it is to maintain its competitive advantage and not be replaced by a more nimble and recent competitor like Sears was by Wal-Mart. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cummings, T. G. & Worley, C. G. (2005) Organization Development and Change. USA. Thomson South-Western. Davenport, T. H. & Prusak, L. (2000) Working Knowledge. Harvard Business Press Hassard, J. & Pym, D.(1993) The Theory and Philosophy of Organizations. Routledge Hitt, M. A. , Hoskisson, R. E. & Ireland, R. D. (1998) Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. Cengage Learning Kono, T. & Clegg, S. (1998) Transformations of Corporate Culture. Walter de Gruyter Kotter, J. (1992) Corporate Culture and Performance. Free Press. Thompson, A. A. Jr. , Strickland III, A. J. & Gamble, J. E. (2006) Crafting and Executing Strategy. United States. McGraw-Hill Balkaran, L. (1995) Corporate Culture. Find Articles [Internet]. Available from [December 19, 2008] Denison, D. How your corporate culture can impact your business performance. IMD Webletter [Internet]. Available from [December 19, 2008] Flamholtz, E. & Hua, W. (2002) Strategic Organizational Development and the Bottom

Friday, November 8, 2019

Nation of Islam Essay Example

Nation of Islam Essay Example Nation of Islam Essay Nation of Islam Essay Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in Omaha. Nebraska in 1925. He was born to a curate male parent that was a protagonist of Black Nationalist Movement leader Marcus Garvey. which resulted in Malcolm sing favoritism and racial hate from an early age. His male parent was killed and his place burned when Malcolm was immature. and Malcolm was jailed in his early mid-twentiess after several quarrels with the jurisprudence following his father’s decease. He joined the State of Islam in piece in prison. and when he was paroled in 1952 he was named the national spokesman for the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X was an vocal. articulate. magnetic adult male that used telecasting. wireless. and every other signifier of media available to convey the Nation’s message. He preached for hawkish stance in the black community and for equal rights for African Americans. by any agencies necessary . This firm stance and hawkish attitude made some see Malcolm as a menace and he was followed under FBI surveillance until he was assassinated in 1965. He used his personal appeal and his steadfast beliefs to do the message of the Nation of Islam good known in America and to convey the issue of African American rights to the head of American consciousness. His mission subsequently transformed from contending for African American rights to contending for equal human rights for every race. and he enforced the same hawkish stance with his new message. Mahatma Gandhi was a human rights leader like Malcolm X but he delivered his message in a really different manner. Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. he was given the name Mahatma because it means. great soul . He was born in British-ruled India and practiced jurisprudence in South Africa which was besides ruled by Britain. While in South Africa he began a twenty-year run for Indian freedom. Alternatively of X’s activist. nonmoving attack. Gandhi practiced and taught the rules of non-violent opposition. He believed it was more honorable to be jailed for one’s cause than to make force. He besides practiced fasting as a manner of conveying his message of peace and non-violence. He returned to India after twenty old ages and became the leader of the Indian Nationalist Movement. After India was declared independent in 1947. it was divided into India and Pakistan and the two states rioted against one another. Gandhi began a fast to promote the leaders to halt combat. After he fasted for five yearss. the combat stopped and the states were at peace until Gandhi was assassinated shortly after. Until his decease. Gandhi epitomized his message to. Be the alteration you want to see in the world . He saw no value in force. and thought that the message of non-violence as a manner of protest could convey tolerance. peace and integrity more efficaciously than any violent act could. Despite the alteration in his topographic point of abode and the political clime of his state he stayed true to his message of peace and integrity.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

History of Radio essays

History of Radio essays One of the most important means of communication among people in human history is the radio. The radio has many wide spread uses in todays society, which is very different from that fifty years ago. While in its prime, about the twenties, the radio was a common household item, having a major influence on the lives of Americans. A common picture of this time usually consisted of families gathered around their radio during evening hours in order to listen to a variety of programs ranging from dramas, light comedies, variety shows, to live music. Todays society uses the radio for more conventional uses, such as listening to the news or music. In addition, the economy began to gain immensely by creating new opportunities for business expansion. The invention of variations of the radio is credited to many scientists of many different fields, but the invention of the radio in which most Americans today know is given to a man generally known as the Father of Radio Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi is responsible for the worlds first wireless radiobroadcast. Guglielmos parents, Giuseppe Marconi and Annie Jameson had two sons, himself and his brother older Alfonso. Guglielmo Marconi was born April 25, 1874, in Bologna, high in the northern part of Italy. He was educated privately at Bologna, Florence and Leghorn. Around the age of fourteen he took a keen interest in physical and electrical science and studied the works of Maxwell, Hertz, Righi, Lodge and others. He began to admire the triumph of Samuel Morse and the telegraph system. From this admiration strung determination to learn all that he could about electrical sciences. In 1895 Marconi began laboratory experiments at his father's country estate, in Pontecchio. It wasn t until then he succeeded in sending wireless signals. Although the first broadcast was a short one, containing only a short series of clicks it was a major advancement...

Monday, November 4, 2019

Community -oriented plan of care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Community -oriented plan of care - Assignment Example They can also learn to include all the coworkers and to involve the family members to help build support systems. The worksite can also learn to change Policy and Environmental approaches to making proper healthy choices for their employees and their families. In this part they will learn how to change food choices in the cafeteria and/or in the vending machines. They can also learn how to initiate on-site exercise facilities. In learning anything one must have the motivation to learn and to participate in the learning. What is motivation? It describes the forces acting on or within ways to maintain certain behaviors. It would depend on the readiness to learn. In learning about how to motivate workers to improve their health status in dealing with Heart Disease they learn about the necessary reinforcers, to see if their needs are still being met, to learn what experiences are causing the problem and how to change it, and also to see if they can identify the causes of the problem they are having. Are we motivated to make the necessary changes to improve life. (Redman, 1993) In working in sociocultural factors and heart disease and in forming learning activities one must learn about the formal and informal channels of communication between health programs and the community. We must learn about the barriers that may be the result of differences in cultural beliefs and practices. In writing this care plan for heart disease the community will learn how to make changes in their diets and exercise programs. They will learn how to check their blood pressure and to plan an exercise program that fits with their lifestyles. They will learn what will motivate workers to make the changes they are needed to improve their

Saturday, November 2, 2019

An essay on harriot story Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An on harriot story - Essay Example Still, the reader is struck by the detail, and the effort to be accurate, so Harriot becomes an auditor of all he surveyed. His words, although spelled inconsistently (as was then quite common) and phrased awkwardly, are not very hard to understand even from this distance in time. Remembering this man wrote with a quill and ink, with only available light, it amazes with quality of detail and recall: this is not a quick method such as typing, but a laborious hand task. It gave him time to think and consider his words carefully, which modern readers, who are used to backspacing and cutting and pasting, highlighting and copying to edit, must respect for its results. It is a clear and concise report. A student must deal with distracting words such as thereof, hereafter and wherein to get at the core of the communication, and also remember that although it is early history of the United States of America, this was an Englishman writing in the English language of the day and according to English custom and usage. What strikes the reader immediately is the point Harriot makes about using the discovered ‘country’ for making money for England: his eye was mainly on the financial and physical benefits available. His aim, and the aim of those he wrote to was to ‘... enrich your selves the providers.’ This is not a cultural expedition, where they did everything they could to find out about the ‘natural inhabitants’. The ir intention was strictly financial: to accumulate wealth and resources for England. The list of resources is very interesting, and shows how advanced England was in a scientific sense in the mid-1500s. They knew all about extracting metallic ores, and Harriot’s understanding of what could be done with certain plants and natural products is excellent, which is probably why he was sent out in the first place. (Baym Ibid) It seems a bit confronting at first to find the report so exploitative: the intention was to use one